Breastfeeding

Madeleine Hubka

18 Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is a special way for moms to connect with their little ones. When choosing to breastfeed, the mother’s body releases a hormone called oxytocin, which helps strengthen the bond between mother and baby. This can help ease feelings of anxiety or being overwhelmed that often come with the amazing journey of motherhood.

Colostrum is the initial milk produced during pregnancy and shortly after birth. It has a yellow hue and is thicker than regular breast milk. This special milk is high in nutrients and antibodies, providing infants with protection against infections. Additionally, colostrum plays a crucial role in the development of the digestive system. Newborns receive only a small portion of colostrum during feedings due to their small stomach size.

In addition to its numerous health benefits, breastfeeding can also be a cost-effective choice, as it eliminates the need for formula and feeding accessories. It aids in the uterus’s return to its pre-pregnancy size and has been shown to lower the risks of breast and ovarian cancer. Furthermore, breastfeeding can help alleviate postpartum depression.

It’s recommended to load up on foods like protein, flax seeds, oats, and berries. Don’t forget about electrolytes, either! Since breast milk is a bodily fluid, these nutrients are really important for helping the body produce and transfer it where it’s needed. On a cellular level, essential trace minerals like magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, calcium, and phosphate play a key role in keeping cells hydrated and happy.

Breastfeeding can protect baby from:

allergies and asthma
childhood cancers
childhood obesity
eczema
middle-ear infections
SUDI, SIDS

Prep for breastfeeding prior to birth:

An essential aspect of successful breastfeeding is the mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed. Believing in oneself plays a crucial role in overcoming challenges and fostering a positive breastfeeding experience.

Prenatal care plays a vital role in ensuring a healthy pregnancy and preparing for your baby’s arrival. It’s important to schedule regular appointments with your OBGYN and occupational therapist during this time. Additionally, if you plan to breastfeed, be sure to communicate this intention to your healthcare professionals, as they can provide valuable guidance and support throughout your breastfeeding journey.
Breastfeeding classes offer valuable assistance to pregnant women and their partners as they prepare for the arrival of their baby. These classes provide an excellent opportunity to gain knowledge, ask important questions, and learn about the breastfeeding process, enhancing confidence and readiness for this new journey.
It is beneficial to find a lactation consultant and schedule a meeting with them before your baby arrives. This proactive step can provide you with valuable information and support related to breastfeeding, helping to ensure a smoother experience once your baby is born.
Consider engaging with friends who have experience with breastfeeding or become a member of a breastfeeding support group. These connections can provide valuable insights, encouragement, and shared experiences that can enhance your breastfeeding journey.

How does breastmilk form?

When a baby suckles, breast milk is produced in response. The more a baby feeds, the more milk the breasts generate. During pregnancy, breasts may increase in size and become more sensitive. The alveoli are responsible for milk production, stimulated by the hormone prolactin. As the baby suckles, prolactin levels rise. Additionally, oxytocin levels increase during feeding, which causes small muscles in the breast to contract, allowing milk to flow through the milk ducts. This process is known as the “let-down” reflex. The let-down reflex begins when breastfeeding starts, as nerves in the breast transfer signals to release milk into the ducts. Let-down can occur a few seconds to minutes after feeding begins and may also happen during subsequent feedings. Prolactin and oxytocin also enhance a mother’s desire to bond with her baby.

Steps for breastfeeding:

Breastfeeding is an essential skill that requires time, patience, and practice to master. It involves a learning process for both the mother and the baby, as they work together to establish a successful feeding routine. Understanding this can help new parents approach breastfeeding with realistic expectations and a supportive mindset.

To create a calm and relaxing environment, start by selecting a comfortable chair that provides adequate back support. Alternatively, you can lean against soft pillows for added comfort. This setup can help enhance your relaxation experience.
Skin-to-skin contact with your baby offers numerous benefits. This practice, often referred to as “kangaroo care,” promotes bonding, helps regulate the baby’s temperature, and can enhance breastfeeding success. Engaging in this intimate contact not only fosters a sense of security for your newborn but also contributes positively to their overall development.
Ensure that your baby is positioned close to you, facing towards you. This promotes bonding and allows for better eye contact.
Consider allowing baby to take the lead by observing their hunger cues; they may move their head, make eye contact, or exhibit restlessness. Gently touch your nipple to your baby’s nose, mouth, and the surrounding area. This approach encourages your baby to open their mouth wide, which helps achieve a better latch onto the nipple and the breast.
Support baby’s head and shoulders as they seek out the breast. In the early stages, you may need to assist your baby with the latch. Position your hand around the breast in either a “C” or “U” shape. As your baby touches the breast with their chin, they will instinctively open their mouth to find the nipple. Your baby will be able to breathe, as evidenced by the flare of their nostrils as they take in air. Ensure that the breast does not obstruct your baby’s nostrils.
If you experience any discomfort while breastfeeding, it’s important to break the suction properly. You can do this by gently placing a clean finger into the corner of your baby’s mouth. After relieving the suction, you can attempt to latch again.
If a baby is having a challenging time latching during breastfeeding, an effective method to consider is hand expressing your breastmilk. This technique can help stimulate milk flow and make it easier for the baby to latch on properly.
Research indicates that young babies are more successful at feeding when their mothers promptly respond to their early feeding cues. It is advisable to address any changes or tasks after the feeding session to support a smoother feeding experience.
When a baby is crying, it could indicate a late hunger cue. It’s advisable to feed before the baby becomes stressed.

Additional tips:

It is recommended to nourish your baby shortly after birth, ideally within the first hour.
Milk production typically sees an increase within 1 to 3 days following the birth.
Infants typically require multiple feedings, usually ranging from 8 to 12 times each day.
It is important to note that breastfeeding does not completely prevent pregnancy.
Minimize nipple confusion by waiting to use pacifiers and bottles for a few weeks after birth.

Signs of a successful latch:

Baby is not twisting head and is able to rest on mother.
Baby’s lips protrude outward like a fish.
Breast fills baby’s mouth with tongue below breast.
Minimal to no areola is visible.
Mother is not experiencing pain or discomfort.
Swallowing sounds can be both audible and visible.

Breastfeeding positions:

Cradle hold

This position is suitable positioning technique for babies of all ages. It is particularly effective when used in an armrest chair, providing comfort and support for both the caregiver and the baby.

Position baby in arm on same side as feeding breast.
Position baby’s head in your elbow crease, facing breast.
Lay arm on armrest and use pillow on your lap to raise baby to breast.
- Avoid bending down
Use other arm/hand to support breast using a “u” shape or “c” shape.
Position baby’s body facing breast, avoid twisting baby’s body to meet breast

Cross-cradle hold

This position is well-suited for newborns, as it allows for easy adjustment of the baby’s head. A chair with armrests works well here, too.

Position baby across your body with your bellies touching.
If using left breast, use your right arm to hold baby and vice versa.
Hold baby’s head and neck with right hand. Use left hand to cup under breast using a “u” shape.
Avoid bending or leaning over, instead lift up baby to meet breast

Football (clutch) hold

This position is particularly beneficial for mothers recovering from a c-section delivery, as it provides added comfort and support during the healing process. It effectively alleviates pressure from the baby’s weight on the c-section scar, providing both comfort and support. It is also an effective option for feeding twins simultaneously. Additionally, this position accommodates women with larger breasts, flat nipples, or those experiencing a strong let-down reflex, making it a versatile choice for various breastfeeding challenges. This product is an excellent choice for infants who have limited head control.

Bend your elbow and position baby next to you.
To hold a baby securely, start by using your open hand to support the baby’s head, placing the palm at the base of their neck.
Position the baby’s back along your forearm, ensuring that their head is aligned with your nipple. To provide extra support and comfort, place a pillow underneath both the baby and your arm.
Use other hand to hold breast with a “c” shape hold.
Lead baby’s mouth to breast
Position baby so their head isn’t laying on their chest to promote swallowing

Laid-back position

This breastfeeding position is particularly well-suited for newborns. Mothers with smaller breasts might find it easier to use. To implement this position effectively, recline slightly rather than lying flat. It can be helpful to place a pillow under your back for additional support, allowing you to position the baby comfortably on your belly. This position also promotes skin-to-skin contact with baby. This role can be beneficial for mothers who produce an excess of milk or experience a rapid let-down.

To ensure a comfortable feeding position, place the baby slightly above your breasts while providing support for their head and body.
Infants possess natural instincts that enable them to locate the nipple and adjust their position for breastfeeding.
Support the baby’s head as they instinctively locate the nipple.
When baby locates nipple, allow gravity to assist in latching process.

Side-lying position

This position can be beneficial for rest, but it is essential to transfer the baby back to their own crib or bed for sleeping. This breastfeeding position may be more difficult to observe when the baby is latched. However, it is particularly effective for mothers and babies who have already adapted to breastfeeding.

To ensure proper support for your back and head, position pillows appropriately and then lie down on your side. This alignment can help promote comfort and reduce strain while resting.
To properly position the baby for breastfeeding, hold the baby facing your breast while using one hand to provide support to their body.
Use other hand to position breast to touch nipple to baby’s lips.
To ensure a secure latch during breastfeeding, use one arm to support your head and the other to firmly hold your baby close. This will help create a comfortable position for both you and your baby.

How much do you feed baby?

Young babies typically require 8-12 feedings per day. The body’s milk supply is responsive to the needs of the baby, which is why it is beneficial to feed whenever the baby expresses readiness.

Indications of good feeding session:

Baby is swallowing milk
Sucking slows down and becomes deeper and rhythmic
Over time, baby takes less time to suck and more time to relax

Indications of satiated baby:

Produces 6-8 wet diapers or 4-5 heavily soiled diapers per day
Produces soft bowel movements, at least 1 per day
Baby is relaxed after a feeding
Presents with bright eyes and skin tone
Baby is gaining weight (according to milestones)
Baby alternates between short naps and alert periods
Mother’s breasts may soften after a feeding

Transition from breastfeeding:

The World Health Organization advises for approximately 6 months of just breastfeeding then slowly adding solid food the next 6 months. The WHO recommends breastfeeding can continue for 2 years or longer.

Weaning refers to the process of introducing additional nutrition to a baby’s diet, which can include water, juice, or solid foods. This transition begins when these foods or liquids are added to the baby’s routine and is considered finalized when the baby has fully stopped breastfeeding. Weaning can be approached in two ways: it can be led by the baby, allowing them to guide the process, or it can be initiated and directed by the mother.

Breastfeeding support:

Breastfeeding is a complex process that can present various challenges for mothers. It is beneficial for mothers, babies, and families to search and receive the necessary support and resources to navigate this journey effectively.

Assistance can be made available from:

Occupational therapists
Doctor or midwife
Hospital
Lactation consultant
Maternity nurse
Partner and family

Potential difficulties with breastfeeding:

Attachment difficulties

Milk duct blockage

Breasts too full

Nipple damage

Improper bra fit

Weaning too quickly

Tips for sore nipples:

Allow nipples to air dry after feedings
Alternate positions every time you breastfeed
Wear soft cotton shirts and avoid constricting bras
Ensure baby is getting a good latch and not only sucking on nipple
After a feeding, it’s beneficial to express a few drops of breastmilk and gently massage it onto your nipples. Breastmilk contains natural healing properties and oils that promote skin repair.
It’s important to wash nipples with soap and water after each feeding if they are cracked. Use gentle soaps, avoiding any harsh products that contain astringents, as these can further irritate the skin. Taking care of your nipples can promote healing and comfort.

Tips for low milk supply:

Record baby’s dirty diapers and monitor baby’s weight
Breasts feeling less full is not an indication of low milk supply
Baby’s may increase their feeding sessions during growth spurts
Apply gentle massage to the breast as baby is latched to help stimulate additional milk flow.
It is important to allow baby to signal when they are finished feeding. If you notice that your baby does not empty one breast, consider using a breast pump to express any remaining milk.
During feedings, it’s beneficial to offer both breasts. If your baby begins to slow down or stops feeding on one breast, gently encourage them to switch to the other breast to promote balanced feeding.

Tips for mastitis:

Breastfeed on impacted side every other hour to promote milk flow
Apply cool pack after breastfeeding to decrease swelling
Apply warm pack or take warm shower
Can breastfeed or express as it encourages drainage of breast
Massage breast lumps when feeding, expressing, showering
Wear proper bra with good support, but not restrictive
Drink water
Rest

Mastitis symptoms to look for:

Fever, joint pain
Flu-like symptoms
Nausea, vomiting
Tender, warm breasts
Red patch of skin on breast
Sore, hard spot on breast
Yellow discharge (similar in appearance to colostrum)

Partner and Family Support

The role of the partner and family is crucial in supporting the mother during breastfeeding. Partners can play an essential role in motivating and assisting both the mother and baby throughout this journey. They can promote relaxation and help with positioning during feedings, as well as provide nourishment and hydration by bringing drinks or snacks. Additionally, partners can take on household tasks and encourage the mother to rest during this time. It’s also beneficial for partners to engage with the baby by snuggling, reading, burping, bathing, and using skin-to-skin contact, all of which can strengthen the bond between them.

Pumping

If breastfeeding is not an option, but feeding baby breastmilk is a desire, it is important to use a breast pump during the times you would typically feed your baby. This practice helps maintain your milk supply and promotes continued production.

To promote milk flow, consider visualizing your baby. Looking at pictures of your baby or bringing an item with their scent can be helpful techniques. These methods may encourage a stronger emotional connection and stimulate the physiological response needed for milk production.
To alleviate discomfort, it is recommended to apply a warm, moist washcloth as a compress to the breast. This can help soothe any pain or engorgement.
Find a relaxing environment and envision milk flowing

Storage:

Store breastmilk in a glass bottle, BPA-free plastic bottle with a secure lid, or a storage bag.
Label milk with day’s date and refrigerate
Milk should not sit out for more than 2 hours
Use milk within 4 days, otherwise put in the freezer. Breastmilk can be frozen in small portions from 2-4 ounces. Milk will expand when frozen, so leave room in container.
Thaw frozen milk by leaving it in the refrigerator overnight or run it under warm water. Both methods are effective for gently bringing the milk back to its liquid state. Thawed breastmilk should be used within 24 hours. Do not put back in freezer.
Wash breast pump pieces separately by hand or in dishwasher. Air dry.

Weaning

Weaning is most effective when approached gradually and independently. Weaning a child too quickly may lead to painful breast engorgement.
If baby is still quite young, it might be helpful to express a small amount of milk or use a pump if breasts become uncomfortable.
It’s advisable to avoid expressing the usual amount when feeding baby, as this will help breasts adjust and produce less milk over time.
If baby is under 1 year old at the time of weaning, it’s important to supplement with formula. For babies over 1 year, remove one feeding at a time, spacing it out over several weeks.
Engaging child in activities during the typical breastfeeding times can also be beneficial.
Consider changing locations and reducing time spent in favorite nursing chair.
Provide child with extra comfort during this transition. Remember that weaning can be an emotional challenge for both mother and baby, so offering additional love and reassurance during this period is crucial.

Explore

References:

Better Health Channel. (2021, July 30). Breastfeeding. Victoria State Government. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/breastfeeding

Mayo Clinic (2025, February 22). Breastfeeding positions. Healthy Lifestyle Infant and toddler health. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/breast-feeding/art-20546815

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health. (2025, March 17). Your guide to breastfeeding. https://womenshealth.gov/your-guide-to-breastfeeding

Media Attributions

Cradle copy
Cross Cradle
football
Side lying

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