22 References

Growth and Development During the First Year of Life

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• Prout Parks E, Mascarenhas MR, Goh V. Nutrient needs and requirements during growth. In: Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA. Present Knowledge of Nutrition Volume 2. 11th ed. London, UK: Academic Press; 2020: 23 – 44.
• Poskitt EME, Stewart L. Infancy, childhood, and adolescence. In: Geissler C, Powers H. Human Nutrition. 13th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford UP; 2017: 311 – 336.

Human Milk Is More Than Nutrition For the Infant

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• Moreno-Villares JM, Germán-Díaz M. Human milk as a bioactive food. Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes (Second Edition). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128138229000291?via%3Dihub. Published February 8, 2019. Accessed March 16, 2022.
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• Institute of Medicine 1991. Nutrition During Lactation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/1577
• Bode L. The functional biology of human milk oligosaccharides. Early Hum Dev. 2015;91(11):619-622. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.09.001

Formula Is Not a Protein Shake For Infants

• Walker RE, Harvatine KJ, Ross AC, et al. Fatty Acid Transfer from Blood to Milk Is Disrupted in Mothers with Low Milk Production, Obesity, and Inflammation. J Nutr. 2023;152(12):2716-2726. doi:10.1093/jn/nxac220
• Gordon M, Biagioli E, Sorrenti M, et al. Dietary modifications for infantile colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;10(10):CD011029. Published 2018 Oct 10. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011029.pub2
• Anderson CE, Whaley SE, Goran MI. Lactose-reduced infant formula with corn syrup solids and obesity risk among participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116(4):1002-1009. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac173
• Gilley SP, Krebs NF: Infant Nutrition. In: Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA. Present Knowledge of Nutrition Volume 2. 11th ed. London, UK: Academic Press; 2020: 3 – 22.
• Poskitt EME, Stewart L. Infancy, childhood, and adolescence. In: Geissler C, Powers H. Human Nutrition. 13th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford UP; 2017: 311 – 336.
• Wright A, Schanler R. The resurgence of breastfeeding at the end of the second millennium. J Nutr. 2001;131(2):421S-5S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.421S
• Lemaire M, Le Huërou-Luron I, Blat S. Effects of infant formula composition on long-term metabolic health. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2018;9(6):573-589. doi:10.1017/S2040174417000964
• Martin CR, Ling PR, Blackburn GL. Review of Infant Feeding: Key Features of Breast Milk and Infant Formula. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):279. Published 2016 May 11. doi:10.3390/nu8050279
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• Nelson JM, Li R, Perrine CG. Trends of US hospitals distributing infant formula packs to breastfeeding mothers, 2007 to 2013. Pediatrics. 2015;135(6):1051-1056. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-0093
• Stevens EE, Patrick TE, Pickler R. A history of infant feeding. J Perinat Educ. 2009;18(2):32-39. doi:10.1624/105812409X426314

Transitioning to Solids and Family Meals

• Gilley SP, Krebs NF. Infant Nutrition. In: Marriott BP, Birt DF, Stallings VA, Yates AA. Present Knowledge of Nutrition Volume 2. 11th ed. London, UK: Academic Press; 2020: 3 – 22.
• Spill MK, Callahan EH, Shapiro MJ, et al. Caregiver feeding practices and child weight outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(Suppl_7):990S-1002S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy276
• Roess AA, Jacquier EF, Catellier DJ, et al. Food Consumption Patterns of Infants and Toddlers: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr. 2018;148(suppl_3):1525S-1535S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy171
• Bailey RL, Jun S, Eldridge AL. The 2016 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS): Dietary Intakes and Practices of Children in the United States from Birth to 48 Months. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2019;91:99-109. doi:10.1159/000493701
• Anater AS, Catellier DJ, Levine BA, et al. The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016: Study Design and Methods. J Nutr. 2018;148(9S):1516S-1524S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy035
• Ahluwalia N. Nutrition Monitoring of Children Aged Birth to 24 Mo (B-24): Data Collection and Findings from the NHANES. Adv Nutr. 2020;11(1):113-127. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz077
• Schürmann S, Kersting M, Alexy U. Vegetarian diets in children: a systematic review. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(5):1797-1817. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1416-0
• Heine RG. Food Allergy Prevention and Treatment by Targeted Nutrition. Ann Nutr Metab. 2018;72 Suppl 3:33-45. doi:10.1159/000487380

The Road To a Healthy Gut Microbiome

• Levy M, Kolodziejczyk AA, Thaiss CA, Elinav E. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(4):219-232. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.7
• Fink PJ. The Macro Influence of the Microbiome. J Immunol. 2017;198(2):553. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1690022
• Torow N, Hornef MW. The Neonatal Window of Opportunity: Setting the Stage for Life-Long Host-Microbial Interaction and Immune Homeostasis. J Immunol. 2017;198(2):557-563. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601253
• Grigg JB, Sonnenberg GF. Host-Microbiota Interactions Shape Local and Systemic Inflammatory Diseases. J Immunol. 2017;198(2):564-571. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1601621
• Rinninella E, Raoul P, Cintoni M, et al. What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota Composition? A Changing Ecosystem across Age, Environment, Diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms. 2019;7(1):14. Published 2019 Jan 10. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7010014
• Chelakkot C, Ghim J, Ryu SH. Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications. Exp Mol Med. 2018;50(8):1-9. Published 2018 Aug 16. doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0126-x
• Gensollen T, Iyer SS, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. Science. 2016;352(6285):539-544. doi:10.1126/science.aad9378
• Powell N, Walker MM, Talley NJ. The mucosal immune system: master regulator of bidirectional gut-brain communications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(3):143-159. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.191
• Hornef MW, Torow N. ‘Layered immunity’ and the ‘neonatal window of opportunity’ – timed succession of non-redundant phases to establish mucosal host-microbial homeostasis after birth. Immunology. 2020;159(1):15-25. doi:10.1111/imm.13149
• Gensollen T, Iyer SS, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. Science. 2016;352(6285):539-544. doi:10.1126/science.aad9378
• Weiss GA, Hennet T. Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74(16):2959-2977. doi:10.1007/s00018-017-2509-x
• Dwiyanto J, Hussain MH, Reidpath D, et al. Ethnicity influences the gut microbiota of individuals sharing a geographical location: a cross-sectional study from a middle-income country. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2618. Published 2021 Jan 29. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82311-3
• Gupta VK, Paul S, Dutta C. Geography, Ethnicity or Subsistence-Specific Variations in Human Microbiome Composition and Diversity. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1162. Published 2017 Jun 23. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01162
• Wilson AS, Koller KR, Ramaboli MC, et al. Diet and the Human Gut Microbiome: An International Review. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(3):723-740. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06112-w
• Gorvitovskaia A, Holmes SP, Huse SM. Interpreting Prevotella and Bacteroides as biomarkers of diet and lifestyle. Microbiome. 2016;4:15. Published 2016 Apr 12. doi:10.1186/s40168-016-0160-7
• Rezac S, Kok CR, Heermann M, Hutkins R. Fermented Foods as a Dietary Source of Live Organisms. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1785. Published 2018 Aug 24. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01785
• Markowiak P, Śliżewska K. Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Human Health. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1021. Published 2017 Sep 15. doi:10.3390/nu9091021
• Frei R, Akdis M, O’Mahony L. Prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and the immune system: experimental data and clinical evidence. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2015;31(2):153-158. doi:10.1097/MOG.0000000000000151
• Brodin P. Immune-microbe interactions early in life: A determinant of health and disease long term. Science. 2022;376(6596):945-950. doi:10.1126/science.abk2189
• Parkin K, Christophersen CT, Verhasselt V, Cooper MN, Martino D. Risk Factors for Gut Dysbiosis in Early Life. Microorganisms. 2021;9(10):2066. Published 2021 Sep 30. doi:10.3390/microorganisms9102066

Developing Good Taste

• Roess AA, Jacquier EF, Catellier DJ, et al. Food Consumption Patterns of Infants and Toddlers: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016. J Nutr. 2018;148(suppl_3):1525S-1535S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy171
• Bailey RL, Jun S, Eldridge AL. The 2016 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS): Dietary Intakes and Practices of Children in the United States from Birth to 48 Months. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2019;91:99-109. doi:10.1159/000493701
• Anater AS, Catellier DJ, Levine BA, et al. The Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) 2016: Study Design and Methods. J Nutr. 2018;148(9S):1516S-1524S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy035
• Kim SA, Moore LV, Galuska D, et al. Vital signs: fruit and vegetable intake among children – United States, 2003-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(31):671-676.
• Herrick KA, Fryar CD, Hamner HC, Park S, Ogden CL. Added Sugars Intake among US Infants and Toddlers. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020;120(1):23-32. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.09.007
• Switkowski KM, Gingras V, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E. Patterns of Complementary Feeding Behaviors Predict Diet Quality in Early Childhood. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):810. Published 2020 Mar 19. doi:10.3390/nu12030810
• Taylor CM, Emmett PM. Picky eating in children: causes and consequences. Proc Nutr Soc. 2019;78(2):161-169. doi:10.1017/S0029665118002586
• Mennella JA, Bobowski NK, Reed DR. The development of sweet taste: From biology to hedonics. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016;17(2):171-178. doi:10.1007/s11154-016-9360-5
• Breslin PA. An evolutionary perspective on food and human taste. Curr Biol. 2013;23(9):R409-R418. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.010
• Forestell CA, Mennella JA. The Relationship between Infant Facial Expressions and Food Acceptance. Curr Nutr Rep. 2017;6(2):141-147. doi:10.1007/s13668-017-0205-y
• Ahn YY, Ahnert SE, Bagrow JP, Barabási AL. Flavor network and the principles of food pairing. Sci Rep. 2011;1:196. doi:10.1038/srep00196
• Forestell CA. Flavor Perception and Preference Development in Human Infants. Ann Nutr Metab. 2017;70 Suppl 3:17-25. doi:10.1159/000478759
• Spahn JM, Callahan EH, Spill MK, et al. Influence of maternal diet on flavor transfer to amniotic fluid and breast milk and children’s responses: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(Suppl_7):1003S-1026S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy240
• Mennella JA. Ontogeny of taste preferences: basic biology and implications for health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(3):704S-11S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067694
• Spill MK, Johns K, Callahan EH, et al. Repeated exposure to food and food acceptability in infants and toddlers: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(Suppl_7):978S-989S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy308
• Mennella JA, Bobowski NK. The sweetness and bitterness of childhood: Insights from basic research on taste preferences. Physiol Behav. 2015;152(Pt B):502-507. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.015
• Steiner JE. Human Facial Expressions in Response to Taste and Smell Stimulation. Advanced in Child Development and Behavior. 1979;13:257-295.doi:10.1016/S0065-2407(08)60349-3
• Mennella JA, Reiter AR, Daniels LM. Vegetable and Fruit Acceptance during Infancy: Impact of Ontogeny, Genetics, and Early Experiences. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(1):211S-219S. Published 2016 Jan 15. doi:10.3945/an.115.008649

Toddlers

Benjamin-Neelon SE. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Benchmarks for Nutrition in Child Care. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118(7):1291-1300. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.001