How to Live a Long and Active Life

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Ageism Impacts Health and Longevity

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• Levy, S.R., Lytle, A. & Macdonald, J.The worldwide ageism crisis. Journal of Social Issues 2022;78, 743–768. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12568
• Chang ES, Kannoth S, Levy S, Wang SY, Lee JE, Levy BR. Global reach of ageism on older persons’ health: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0220857. Published 2020 Jan 15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220857
• Rothermund K, de Paula Couto MCP. Age stereotypes: Dimensions, origins, and consequences. Curr Opin Psychol. 2024;55:101747. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101747
• Henry JD, Coundouris SP, Craik FIM, von Hippel C, Grainger SA. The cognitive tenacity of self-directed ageism. Trends Cogn Sci. 2023;27(8):713-725. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.010
• Kydd A, Fleming A. Ageism and age discrimination in health care: Fact or fiction? A narrative review of the literature. Maturitas. 2015;81(4):432-438. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.05.002
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• Palsgaard P, Maino Vieytes CA, Peterson N, et al. Healthcare Professionals’ Views and Perspectives towards Aging. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):15870. Published 2022 Nov 29. doi:10.3390/ijerph192315870
• Burnes D, Sheppard C, Henderson CR Jr, et al. Interventions to Reduce Ageism Against Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(8):e1-e9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305123

Aging Starts Right After Growing Ends

• Covey HC. The definitions of the beginning of old age in history. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1992;34(4):325-337. doi:10.2190/GBXB-BE1F-1BU1-7FKK
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• Tindale LC, Salema D, Brooks-Wilson AR. 10-year follow-up of the Super-Seniors Study: compression of morbidity and genetic factors. BMC Geriatr. 2019;19(1):58. Published 2019 Feb 28. doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1080-8
• Brooks-Wilson AR. Genetics of healthy aging and longevity. Hum Genet. 2013;132(12):1323-1338. doi:10.1007/s00439-013-1342-z
• Levy SR, Lytle A, Mcdonalds J: The Worldwide Ageism Crisis. J Soc Issues 2022;78:743–768.
• Spiegelhalter D. How old are you, really? Communicating chronic risk through ‘effective age’ of your body and organs. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2016;16:104. Published 2016 Aug 5. doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0342-z

Ageism Impacts Health and Longevity

• WHO (2021). Global Report on Ageism. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240016866https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240016866
• Levy SR, Lytle A, Macdonald J. The worldwide ageism crisis. Journal of Social Issues. 2022;78(4):743-768. doi:10.1111/josi.12568
• Palsgaard P, Maino Vieytes CA, Peterson N, et al. Healthcare Professionals’ Views and Perspectives towards Aging. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(23):15870. Published 2022 Nov 29. doi:10.3390/ijerph192315870
• Salway SM, Payne N, Rimmer M, et al. Identifying inequitable healthcare in older people: systematic review of current research practice. Int J Equity Health. 2017;16(1):123. Published 2017 Jul 11. doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0605-z
• Henry JD, Coundouris SP, Nangle MR. Breaking the links between ageism and health: An integrated perspective. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;95:102212. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102212
• Rothermund K, de Paula Couto MCP. Age stereotypes: Dimensions, origins, and consequences. Curr Opin Psychol. 2024;55:101747. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101747
• Burnes D, Sheppard C, Henderson CR Jr, et al. Interventions to Reduce Ageism Against Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(8):e1-e9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305123
• Henry JD, Coundouris SP, Craik FIM, von Hippel C, Grainger SA. The cognitive tenacity of self-directed ageism. Trends Cogn Sci. 2023;27(8):713-725. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2023.03.010
• Chang ES, Kannoth S, Levy S, Wang SY, Lee JE, Levy BR. Global reach of ageism on older persons’ health: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0220857. Published 2020 Jan 15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220857

The Aging Process Explained

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• Tudurí E, Soriano S, Almagro L, et al. The pancreatic β-cell in ageing: Implications in age-related diabetes. Ageing Res Rev. 2022;80:101674. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101674
• Mendelson MM. Epigenetic Age Acceleration: A Biological Doomsday Clock for Cardiovascular Disease?. Circ Genom Precis Med. 2018;11(3):e002089. doi:10.1161/CIRCGEN.118.002089
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• Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Parini P, Giuliani C, Santoro A. Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(10):576-590. doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0059-4
• Chung HY, Kim DH, Lee EK, et al. Redefining Chronic Inflammation in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Proposal of the Senoinflammation Concept. Aging Dis. 2019;10(2):367-382. Published 2019 Apr 1. doi:10.14336/AD.2018.0324
• Savage N. Growing Up: Scientists seeking to reverse or stall the effects of ageing are trying to make the leap from laboratory research to human trial. Nature 2017; 552: S57-S59.
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Obesity, Sarcopenia, and Frailty Prevent Longevity

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• Stajkovic S, Aitken EM, Holroyd-Leduc J. Unintentional weight loss in older adults [published correction appears in CMAJ. 2011 May 17;183(8):935]. CMAJ. 2011;183(4):443-449. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101471
• Alibhai SM, Greenwood C, Payette H. An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;172(6):773-780. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1031527
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• Dhillon RJ, Hasni S. Pathogenesis and Management of Sarcopenia. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(1):17-26. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2016.08.002
• Dodds R, Sayer AA. Sarcopenia and frailty: new challenges for clinical practice. Clin Med (Lond). 2016;16(5):455-458. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.16-5-455
• Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people [published correction appears in Lancet. 2013 Oct 19;382(9901):1328]. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752-762. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9
• Cesari M, Calvani R, Marzetti E. Frailty in Older Persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017;33(3):293-303. doi:10.1016/j.cger.2017.02.002
• Morley JE, Vellas B, van Kan GA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):392-397. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.022
• Hoogendijk EO, Afilalo J, Ensrud KE, Kowal P, Onder G, Fried LP. Frailty: implications for clinical practice and public health. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1365-1375. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31786-6
• Tarazona-Santabalbina FJ, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Pérez-Ros P, et al. A Multicomponent Exercise Intervention that Reverses Frailty and Improves Cognition, Emotion, and Social Networking in the Community-Dwelling Frail Elderly: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(5):426-433. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2016.01.019
• Lee DR, Santo EC, Lo JC, Ritterman Weintraub ML, Patton M, Gordon NP. Understanding functional and social risk characteristics of frail older adults: a cross-sectional survey study. BMC Fam Pract. 2018;19(1):170. Published 2018 Oct 19. doi:10.1186/s12875-018-0851-1
• Fried LP, Cohen AA, Xue QL, Walston J, Bandeen-Roche K, Varadhan R. The physical frailty syndrome as a transition from homeostatic symphony to cacophony. Nat Aging. 2021;1(1):36-46. doi:10.1038/s43587-020-00017-z

The Risk for Malnutrition Increases with High Age

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• Klimova B, Valis M, Kuca K. Cognitive decline in normal aging and its prevention: a review on non-pharmacological lifestyle strategies. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:903-910. Published 2017 May 25. doi:10.2147/CIA.S132963
• Nawaz S, Tulunay-Ugur OE. Dysphagia in the Older Patient. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2018;51(4):769-777. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2018.03.006
• Chung HY, Kim DH, Lee EK, et al. Redefining Chronic Inflammation in Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Proposal of the Senoinflammation Concept. Aging Dis. 2019;10(2):367-382. Published 2019 Apr 1. doi:10.14336/AD.2018.0324
• Rodríguez-Mañas L, Murray R, Glencorse C, Sulo S. Good nutrition across the lifespan is foundational for Healthy Aging and Sustainable Development. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2023;9. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1113060